How many protons does ytterbium have

Chlorine most strongly attracts extra electrons. The electron affinities of the noble gases have not been conclusively measured, so they may or may not have slightly negative values.

Moreover: Ionization energy is lowest for the alkali metals which have a single electron outside a closed shell. Ionization energy increases across a row on the periodic maximum for the noble gases which have closed shells. Boiling Point — Saturation In thermodynamics, the term saturation defines a condition in which a mixture of vapor and liquid can exist together at a given temperature and pressure.

Melting Point — Saturation In thermodynamics, the melting point defines a condition in which the solid and liquid can exist in equilibrium. Latent Heat of Fusion of Ytterbium is 7. Latent Heat of Vaporization of Ytterbium is Specific Heat Specific heat , or specific heat capacity, is a property related to internal energy that is very important in thermodynamics.

The intensive properties c v and c p are defined for pure, simple compressible substances as partial derivatives of the internal energy u T, v and enthalpy h T, p , respectively: where the subscripts v and p denote the variables held fixed during differentiation.

Latent Heat of Vaporization In general, when a material changes phase from solid to liquid, or from liquid to gas a certain amount of energy is involved in this change of phase.

The temperature at which the phase transition occurs is the melting point. Boron 5 B. Carbon 6 C. Neon 10 Ne. Sulfur 16 S. Argon 18 Ar. Iron 26 Fe. Cobalt 27 Co. Nickel 28 Ni. Copper 29 Cu.

Zinc 30 Zn. Gallium 31 Ga. Arsenic 33 As. Bromine 35 Br. Yttrium 39 Y. Silver 47 Ag. Indium 49 In. Tin 50 Sn. Iodine 53 I. Xenon 54 Xe. Iridium 77 Ir. Gold 79 Au. Thallium 81 Tl. Lead 82 Pb. Radon 86 Rn. Cerium 58 Ce. Erbium 68 Er. Thulium 69 Tm. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms.

The chemical properties of the atom are determined by the number of protons, in fact, by number and arrangement of electrons. It is the Pauli exclusion principle that requires the electrons in an atom to occupy different energy levels instead of them all condensing in the ground state. This fact has key implications for the building up of the periodic table of elements.

The first two columns on the left side of the periodic table are where the s subshells are being occupied. Because of this, the first two rows of the periodic table are labeled the s block. Similarly, the p block are the right-most six columns of the periodic table, the d block is the middle 10 columns of the periodic table, while the f block is the column section that is normally depicted as detached from the main body of the periodic table.

It could be part of the main body, but then the periodic table would be rather long and cumbersome. For atoms with many electrons, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used.

The electron configuration can be visualized as the core electrons, equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, and the valence electrons e. Oxidation states are typically represented by integers which may be positive, zero, or negative. Most elements have more than one possible oxidation state. An element that is not combined with any other different elements has an oxidation state of 0. Oxidation state 0 occurs for all elements — it is simply the element in its elemental form.

An atom of an element in a compound will have a positive oxidation state if it has had electrons removed. Similarly, adding electrons results in a negative oxidation state. We have also distinguish between the possible and common oxidation states of every element. Main Menu. About Protons. About Neutrons. Relative supply risk An integrated supply risk index from 1 very low risk to 10 very high risk.

Recycling rate The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. Substitutability The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity.

Reserve distribution The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. Political stability of top producer A percentile rank for the political stability of the top producing country, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Political stability of top reserve holder A percentile rank for the political stability of the country with the largest reserves, derived from World Bank governance indicators. Supply risk. Relative supply risk 9.

Russia 3 USA Political stability of top producer Young's modulus A measure of the stiffness of a substance. Shear modulus A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. Bulk modulus A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance.

Vapour pressure A measure of the propensity of a substance to evaporate. Pressure and temperature data — advanced. Listen to Ytterbium Podcast Transcript :. You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World , the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

This week an element that likes to be different. Explaining the exceptional chemistry of Ytterbium, here's Louise Natrajan. With few exceptions, this tells the whole boring story about the other 14 elements". If you've listened to any of the other podcasts in the lanthanide series, I hope you'll agree that this is far from true. Ytterbium is named after the town of Ytterby near Stockholm in Sweden, and makes up the fourth element to be named after this town, the others being of course yttrium, terbium and erbium.

Ytterbium was isolated in by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac who was a Swiss chemist working at the University of Geneva at the time. Its discovery can be traced back to the oxide yttria. When yttria was first identified, nobody realised that it was contaminated with traces of other rare earth metals. Earlier, in , erbium and terbium were extracted from yttria and then ytterbium was separated from erbium.

This was achieved by heating erbium nitrate until it decomposed and then extracting the residue with water to obtain two oxides; a red one, which was identified as erbium oxide and a white powder, which was named ytterbium oxide.

In fact, Marignac's ytterbium oxide was not of a pure form either and a few years later in , George Urbain extracted lutetium as its oxide from this ytterbium oxide. Ytterbium is one of the more common lanthanide elements, and is not at all rare as its group name of the rare earths may suggest. In fact, it is the 43rd most abundant element on earth and has a greater natural abundance than tin, bromine, uranium or arsenic. In its metallic form, ytterbium is a bright and shiny metal that is both ductile and malleable and is more reactive than the other lanthanide metals, quickly tarnishing in air as it reacts with oxygen.

Seven naturally occurring isotopes of ytterbium are known ranging from mass numbers to In addition, ten radioactive isotopes are also known; these isotopes are unstable and break down into other isotopes giving out radiation in the process.

Ytterbium in particular emits gamma rays. Gamma rays are similar to X-rays in that they pass through soft materials and tissues but are blocked by more dense materials such as bone.

In this regard, small amounts of Yb have been exploited in portable X-ray machines that require no electricity and are much easier to carry around than conventional X-ray machines-useful for radiography of small objects! A second intriguing possibility is the use of elemental ytterbium is in super accurate atomic clocks. The isotope Yb has the potential to keep time more accurately than the current gold standard, which is a caesium fountain clock that is accurate to within a second every million years.

Then no one will have any excuse for being late! The only ytterbium compound of historical commercial use is ytterbium oxide Yb2O3 ; this is used to make alloys and special types of glass and ceramics. These special materials or phosphors are being devised as alternatives to europium and terbium phosphors in anti forgery security inks and in bank notes.

Instead of placing the bank note under UV light to see the security encoding, an infra red laser pen is used to reveal the luminescence colours of erbium, clever hey? Terbium compounds are currently used as luminescent probes in biological and biomedical research, but they emit visible light. In the research community, luminescent ytterbium compounds that give out light in the near infra red around nm are of current interest and are being developed for use as alternative luminescent probes.

This means, that unlike Eu or Tb, which emit visible light, the light is in invisible to our eyes. Human tissue is a lot more transparent to near infra red radiation than to visible light, which means that imaging with near infra red would access greater tissue depths and so give us more detailed information regarding a specific biological event or process. Ytterbium is also used in some laser systems and ytterbium fibre laser amplifiers are found in commercial and industrial applications where they are used in marking and engraving.

Ytterbium compounds are capable of absorbing light in the near infra red part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which has been exploited to convert radiant energy into electrical energy in devices coupled to solar cells. Additionally, ytterbium compounds are often more potent catalysts than their lanthanide counterparts.

They are useful for many organic transformations and are finding increasing use in the chemical industry. Well, that was ytterbium, definitely an interesting and fascinating element with many uses as diverse as atomic clocks and solar cells and definitely different from the other lanthanides. Different indeed with that range of uses. That was Manchester University's Louise Natrajan with the unique chemistry of ytterbium. Now next week, we've got an explosive element and I'll give one you guess as to who it's named after.

When the bomb exploded on November the first, , it produced an explosion with the power of over 10 million tonnes of TNT - five hundred times the destructive power of the Nagasaki explosion.

This was very much a test device - weighing over 80 tons and requiring a structure around 50 feet high to support it, meaning that it could never have been deployed - but it proved, all too well, the capability of the thermonuclear weapon.

And in the moments of that intense explosion it produced a brand new element. There among the ash and charred remains of coral were found a couple of hundred atoms of element 99, later to be called einsteinium. Brian Clegg will be providing more insight into the reactions and naming of einsteinium in next week's Chemistry in its element. Until then I'm Meera Senthilingam and thank you for listening. Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by thenakedscientists.

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